Some time ago, Divar Company announced a task for the entrance interview for one of its positions, which I prepared in 4 days and sent to them. My answer to this task made me pass the first stage and reach the interview. In this post, I will explain about this task.
Divar
is a platform, started working on 11 July 2012 with the aim of buying and selling without online intermediaries (like Craigslist but in Iran). Now, it has over 50 milions of users and it covers various categories such as real estate, vehicles, digital goods, home and kitchen, services, entertainment and leisure, and recruitment and employment.
If we want to take a general look at Divar
, something like this happens in this platform:
Divar - Overview
The interview task is as follows:
In the attached file, there is a list of users’ chats in Divar’s personal items category. Read them and write a list of your suggestions for providing the service on the Divar chat in order of priority, noting the frequency of repetition (send the tagged file along with the task answer).
The attached file was a CSV file containing two columns: conversation
and type
. Here is the sample screenshot of it:
Dataset Sample
Let’s talk about the suggested solution.
First of all, i implemented a script to get the frequency of each word in the chats. If you run this code (python3 main.py
), it outputs a sorted csv file (output.csv
) that shows the frequency of repetition of each word. It should be mentioned that to improve the quality of the output, stop words are removed from the output. I used the data set of this address for the list of such words.
Here is the script:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import csv
from collections import Counter
######################################################################
FILE_PATH = 'dataset.csv'
STOP_WORDS_FILE = 'stop_words.txt'
OUTPUT_FILE_PATH = 'output.csv'
######################################################################
def get_stopwords(file_path):
with open(file_path, 'r') as stopfile:
stopwords = stopfile.read().splitlines()
return stopwords
def count_word_frequency(file_path, stopwords):
word_frequency = Counter()
with open(file_path, 'r') as csvfile:
reader = csv.DictReader(csvfile)
for row in reader:
conversation = row['conversation']
words = conversation.split()
words = [word.lower() for word in words if word.lower() not in stopwords]
word_frequency.update(words)
return word_frequency
def write_to_csv(output_file, word_freq):
with open(output_file, 'w', newline='') as csvfile:
writer = csv.writer(csvfile)
writer.writerow(['Word', 'Frequency'])
for word, frequency in word_freq.items():
writer.writerow([word, frequency])
######################################################################
stop_words_list = get_stopwords(STOP_WORDS_FILE)
word_freq = count_word_frequency(FILE_PATH, stop_words_list)
sorted_word_freq = dict(sorted(word_freq.items(), key=lambda item: item[1], reverse=True))
######################################################################
write_to_csv(OUTPUT_FILE_PATH, sorted_word_freq)
print(f"Word frequency data has been written to {OUTPUT_FILE_PATH}")
The output CSV file should be something like this:
Output Sample
The following table shows the suggested services based on important and frequent keywords:
Recommended Service Title | Keywords (translated to English) |
---|---|
Payment (or earnest money) | Price, Discount, Toman, Money, Deposit, Card, Cost, Earnest Money, How Much?, Bill |
Product more details view (PDP) | Size?, New, Color, Quality, Model, Available?, Black, Centimeter |
Product Delivery | Delivery, Address, Post, Transmission, Order, City, Home, Fare |
Ad information Completion | Price, How Much?, Size?, New, Color, Model, Size, Centimeter, Material, Height, Photo |
Navigation | Address, In-Person, Where?, City, Town, House, Passage |
Photo Selection (OS API) | Photo, Gallery |
Contact the seller or buyer | Number, Contact, Phone |
Audio to text conversion | voice |
The previous part was just a list of services. According to the task, we should also prioritize which is a challenging matter. I always make a simple formula to prioritize. I select N criterias. I give all of them a score from 1 to 10 (some of them need to be normalized). Then I add the average weight and the job is done. At least, if it is not true, there is some logic behind it. It’s better than gut feeling! Currently, we only have the word frequency variable in the chat here. Other variables such as business impact, technical effort, degree of dependence on each other, approximate cost of operationalization, etc. are among the things that we can consider, but since each of these requires the involvement of a high-ranking stakeholder in the organization which we dont’ have here, Therefore, we cannot use them here. So let’s go to the frequency of repeating keywords of each service and see how much they are used. Finally, the priority of implementing our services will be based on the total frequency. The output of the previous code has a defect, and that is that it calculates the frequency of similar words separately. For example, he gave a number for the word “buy” and for the word “bought” and “buying” Other frequencies, but the point is that we should consider these as one and add their frequencies together. So, I implemented a second script. If you run the merger.py
code, it will create an output file named output_merged.csv
that performs this merging process, and I also defined a configuration to delete those that are repeated below 20 times. In order to increase the output quality of these things in practice, Data Scientists normally use specialized libraries like NLTK
and other things that I didn’t know and didn’t use them. I admit that there are some errors in the outputs, which can be ignored in the scope of this report!
Here is the merging script:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import csv
######################################################################
INPUT_FILE_PATH = 'output.csv'
OUTPUT_FILE_PATH = 'output_merged.csv'
FREQUENCY_THRESHOLD = 20
######################################################################
def merge_similar_words(input_file_path):
word_frequency = {}
with open(input_file_path, 'r') as csvfile:
reader = csv.DictReader(csvfile)
for row in reader:
word = row['Word']
frequency = int(row['Frequency'])
found = False
for key in word_frequency:
if word in key or key in word:
word_frequency[key] += frequency
found = True
break
if not found:
word_frequency[word] = frequency
return word_frequency
def write_to_csv(output_file, word_freq):
with open(output_file, 'w', newline='') as csvfile:
writer = csv.writer(csvfile)
writer.writerow(['Word', 'Frequency'])
for word, frequency in word_freq.items():
writer.writerow([word, frequency])
######################################################################
merged_word_freq = merge_similar_words(INPUT_FILE_PATH)
filtered_word_freq = {word: freq for word, freq in merged_word_freq.items() if freq >= FREQUENCY_THRESHOLD}
sorted_word_freq = dict(sorted(filtered_word_freq.items(), key=lambda item: item[1], reverse=True))
######################################################################
write_to_csv(OUTPUT_FILE_PATH, sorted_word_freq)
print(f"Merged and sorted word frequency data has been written to {OUTPUT_FILE_PATH}")
The table below is the sorted table of suggested services based on the frequency of repetition of keywords tagged to each service:
Recommended Service Title | Keywords (translated to English) | Frequency |
---|---|---|
Ad information Completion | Price, How Much?, Size?, New, Color, Model, Size, Centimeter, Material, Height, Photo | 1016 |
Product more details view (PDP) | Size?, New, Color, Quality, Model, Available?, Black, Centimeter | 873 |
Payment (or earnest money) | Price, Discount, Toman, Money, Deposit, Card, Cost, Earnest Money, How Much?, Bill | 693 |
Product Delivery | Delivery, Address, Post, Transmission, Order, City, Home, Fare | 414 |
Contact the seller or buyer | Number, Contact, Phone | 410 |
Photo Selection (OS API) | Photo, Gallery | 320 |
Navigation | Address, In-Person, Where?, City, Town, House, Passage | 255 |
Audio to text conversion | voice | 21 |
After we implemented and functionally tested one or more of these suggested services and finally released them, We have to montitor them. We can do a series of qualitative and quantitative work to evaluate feature adoption:
Quantitative work: in order to know whether the released service is working properly or not, we can deal a bit with data! This is both from a technical point of view (for example, check Sentry
Log or Crashlytics
to see if the system is stable or not) and from a product and business point of view. For example, do some CRO (conversion rate optimization) to see how much drop we have on each funnel in the considered journey(s) and Those who have a drop that doesn’t fit with reason, what is the reason (we have to combine it with the qualitative work that I will say below). The survey is also the answer for those who went to the end of the funnel. Of course, there is a challenge because here we are dealing with external services and we don’t have any data about their funnels either. As a result, we have to have continuous interaction with them here.
Qualititative work: In the previous part, when we came to the conclusion that a funnel is not working well, here it comes the qualititative work.We have to take out a sample of those who got stuck in each funnel and see what was their pain that got them stuck. Or at all, those who we showed the options to but did not use, we have to ask them what was the reason.
The evaluation output should become a series of actions to take and improve the product in next iterations.
]]>The Pomodoro Technique is a time management method developed by Francesco Cirillo in the late 1980s. The technique is designed to help improve focus, productivity, and overall work efficiency by breaking work into focused intervals, followed by short breaks. The name “Pomodoro” (Italian for “tomato”) was inspired by the tomato-shaped kitchen timer that Cirillo initially used to track his work intervals. In this post, I’ll investigate and add a feature to Pomodoro Timer Application.
The Pomodoro Technique is a time management method developed by Francesco Cirillo in the late 1980s. The technique is designed to help improve focus, productivity, and overall work efficiency by breaking work into focused intervals, followed by short breaks. The name “Pomodoro” (Italian for “tomato”) was inspired by the tomato-shaped kitchen timer that Cirillo initially used to track his work intervals.
Here’s how the Pomodoro Technique works:
Choose a Task: Select a task or project that you want to work on.
Set a Timer: Set a timer for a specific interval, traditionally 25 minutes, which is known as a “Pomodoro.” During this time, you focus solely on the chosen task and work on it with full concentration.
Work: Work on the task until the timer goes off. Avoid distractions and interruptions during this period.
Take a Short Break: Once the Pomodoro timer rings, take a short break of about 5 minutes. This break allows you to relax and recharge.
Repeat: After the break, start another Pomodoro by setting the timer again and continuing to work on the task.
Longer Break: After completing a set number of Pomodoros (usually four), take a longer break of around 15 to 30 minutes. This longer break helps prevent burnout and allows for deeper relaxation.
The Pomodoro Technique follows the cycle of focused work intervals followed by short breaks. The idea is to maintain high levels of focus and productivity during the work intervals, knowing that a break is coming up. This technique leverages the principles of time blocking and provides a structured way to manage your work time effectively.
Key benefits of the Pomodoro Technique include:
Improved focus and concentration.
Enhanced productivity and efficiency.
Regular breaks that can prevent burnout and mental fatigue.
Increased awareness of how time is spent on tasks.
The technique is adaptable and can be customized based on personal preferences and work habits.
While the traditional Pomodoro interval is 25 minutes, you can adjust the intervals to suit your working style and the nature of the tasks. Many digital tools and apps are available to help individuals implement the Pomodoro Technique and manage their work and breaks more efficiently.
The product is a very light and simple implementation for implementing the Pomodoro technique. In this section, we will review its features:
Displaying the onboarding pages: As soon as the program is opened for the first time, 6 onboarding pages are displayed to the user as a slide. The purpose of displaying these pages is to familiarize with the Pomodoro technique.
Timer display: This product contains 2 pages in total. On the first page (main page) the Pomodoro timer is shown and in the lower part of it, you can simply specify whether this timer is for a short, long break or to complete a task. The product timer, similar to the timer of other products, includes the functions of stopping and resetting.
Settings: On another page of this product, the user can change the settings related to the product. As it was said in the introduction, this technique has the ability to be personalized and the reason why such a part is embedded will also be mentioned. The settings on this page generally include two categories of specific settings related to the Pomodoro technique and specific product settings, each of which I will explain:
Time interval settings: In this section, the user can set the task timer, short break time, and long break time by setting a numerical value.
Color theme: In this section, the user can set the background color theme of the application from among the predefined colors.
Sound theme: In this section, the user can specify whether the sound played after the end of each timer is an alarm sound or a notification. By choosing each option, the sound of each one is also played so that the user can better choose an option depending on his taste. By default, the alarm sound is selected.
Other settings: These settings include the following:
Ability to set the number of pomodoros up to a long break (default is 4)
Ability to set daily goal (default is 8)
Ability to vibrate after each timer ends (default is active)
Ability to automatically start breaks (default is enabled)
Ability to automatically start pomodoros (default is disabled)
Ability to display notifications (default disabled)
Ability to keep the phone screen on (default is active)
Other things: In the footer section of the program, there are 3 functions that are not related to the settings, but are included in this page:
Rating the app (via Google Play or the internal stores of the mobile phone manufacturer)
Ability to send comments via email
Getting to know the program and how to use it (which shows the same onboarding pages)
The following data may be stored and reviewed in order to understand the quality of users’ experience. The use of each data is written in front of it:
User feedback: In order to understand the level of user satisfaction and their requested improvement points
Recorded crashes: in order to understand the stability of the program and fix problematic points
User preferences values: In order to optimize the default values
The number and length of user sessions: in order to understand the general usage habits of users and their level of engagement
Abandonment rate: In order to understand potential usability problems.
Number of Daily Goals Completed: To understand how productive users are
In order to collect and analyze analytical data, the Google Analytics tool is recommended because it is both free and all the data from the previous section can be collected and checked with it. In general, the following 4 categories can be done with this tool, which are useful for understanding the user experience:
Event tracking: for example session exit rate, configuration values, timer start and end times
Duration of each session: It is done automatically in this tool
Setting goals and tracking conversions: You can set and monitor goals and conversions in this tool in a personalized way, for example, the number of completed Pomodoro sessions.
User behavior analysis: This is also done automatically in this tool. For example, demographic and user behavior flow reports
According to the metrics mentioned in the second part, the following features can be added to the application. Most of these features are obtained by comparing competitors. The metric directly related to the feature is written:
Ability to create and share tasks with colleagues -> increase engagement and number of users
Ability to count user streaks and share them -> increase engagement
Ability to integrate with calendar or ToDo-List services -> increase engagement and number of users
Ability to view your statistics such as progress -> increase engagement and productivity
Ability to integrate with background sounds and songs -> increase engagement and productivity
Ability to define challenge and achievement in order to motivate the user -> increase engagement
Feature number 2 (counting user streaks and its sharing) has been selected for analysis and design. It should be noted that this feature can be analyzed and implemented both on a heavy scale, which requires the definition of the user concept and the implementation of the prerequisites on the service side, and it can also be considered on a light scale, which is only stored locally in the app. In this report, only the light scale is investigated.
Feature Name: Ability to record and share user streaks
Cause and Purpose: This gamification feature creates a sense of accomplishment and uses psychology to maintain habits. The visual display and sharing of this feature and its records helps maintain and increase streaks and gives a sense of satisfaction to the user. It also encourages users to use the app continuously and increases their engagement.
Target group: all application users
Feature Description: According to the following designs, both the home page and the settings will be changed, the description of which is as follows:
On the main page, the number of remaining daily goals is notified to the user, just according to the displayed text. No action is defined on this text and it only has a display aspect on the user’s side.
In the settings page, a general redesign is done and this page is changed from just displaying settings to a multi-user page. According to the design, in the first section, the amount of the daily goal is achieved and the user’s remaining as well as his maximum streak along with its historical period are displayed. The streak calculation method is that if the user completes his daily goals for 2 or more consecutive days, the start and end intervals are stored locally on the device, and if the number of days in a row increases, the stored end date is updated. The amount of the streak is also obtained in a simple way from the difference between the end date and the beginning date. If the user does not reach his daily goal in one day, that streak will end and the streak number will be zero. Now, if the terminated streak has more days than the previously terminated streak, that streak will be stored and displayed as the maximum streak recorded by the user.
If the user taps the max share button of the streak, an image matching the attached image is created and the user can share it. The panel that is displayed for sharing is the default panel of the operating system.
According to the explanations given regarding the redesign of the settings page, the settings items with the same categories as before are displayed in the new implementation in the form of expand & collapse. This task will not change the functional logic of any of the settings.
Designs: According to the explanations given in the previous section, the designs will be as follows:
Pomodoro Designs
It should be noted that the designs were designed with the style guide of the iOS platform, but they can be easily converted to the Android style guide.
SubTask Title | Platform | Estimate (in hours) |
---|---|---|
Display text on the main page | Android | 2 |
implementation of streak (logic and display) | Android | 15 |
Ability to share the maximum streak | Android | 12 |
Redesign application settings | Android | 20 |
Total | – | 49 |
It is noted again that the scope of changes of this feature has only been seen on the client side (Android) and the review and analysis on the scope service (backend) or other platforms has been avoided. It should also be noted that the above numbers are considered for a mid-level developer, and if you have a junior or senior developer, these numbers will be multiplied. It should be noted that these numbers are only a rough estimate of the product manager, and finally, the final numbers will be received and recorded from the developer in the estimation session before the start of the sprint. According to the total recorded estimates (49 hours), it is possible to implement and test this feature in a normal two-week sprint.
Considering that a user story must be INVEST, considering its independence, it can be said that the story analyzed in the settings section has many complications and can be considered as its negative point. If, for example, we have limited development resources or time to market, this feature can be enabled by placing a medal or trophy icon next to the settings icon and tapping on it will show the exact same productivity section in a popup. and so, in this way, the settings page remains unchanged.
]]>In today’s fast-paced business environment, effective knowledge management is crucial for organizations to stay ahead of the curve. One approach that has gained traction in recent years is the C4 Model, a visual notation technique for software architecture. In this blog post, we will explore the C4 Model, its components, and how it can be applied to manage knowledge within an organization. By the end of this comprehensive guide, you will have a better understanding of the C4 Model and its potential use cases in knowledge management.
The C4 Model, developed by Simon Brown, is a hierarchical approach to visualizing software architecture. It consists of four levels of abstraction, each focusing on a different aspect of the system:
Context: This level provides a high-level view of the system, its users, and external dependencies. It helps stakeholders understand the system’s purpose and scope.
Containers: This level zooms in on the system’s components, such as web applications, databases, and microservices. It shows how these components interact and communicate with each other.
Components: This level dives deeper into the containers, breaking them down into smaller, more manageable parts. It highlights the relationships between these parts and their responsibilities.
Code: The final level focuses on the implementation details, such as classes, interfaces, and functions. It provides a granular view of the system’s inner workings.
Now that we have a basic understanding of the C4 Model let’s explore how it can be applied to knowledge management within an organization.
The first step in using the C4 Model for knowledge management is to create a context diagram that outlines the organization’s knowledge landscape. This includes identifying the various sources of knowledge, such as documents, databases, and human expertise, as well as the stakeholders who interact with this knowledge, such as employees, customers, and partners.
By visualizing the knowledge landscape, organizations can gain a better understanding of the flow of information and identify potential bottlenecks or gaps in knowledge sharing. This high-level view also helps stakeholders align their goals and expectations, ensuring that everyone is on the same page.
To create a context diagram, organizations can use tools like draw.io, Lucidchart, or Microsoft Visio. These tools allow users to create visual representations of the knowledge landscape, including the various sources of knowledge and the stakeholders who interact with them.
The next step is to create a container diagram that represents the organization’s knowledge repositories. These repositories can include wikis, document management systems, intranets, and other tools used to store and share information.
The container diagram should illustrate how these repositories interact and communicate with each other, as well as their relationships with the stakeholders identified in the context diagram. This helps organizations identify redundancies, streamline their knowledge management processes, and ensure that information is easily accessible to those who need it.
When creating a container diagram, organizations should consider the following factors:
The types of knowledge repositories used within the organization
The relationships between these repositories (e.g., how they share information or collaborate)
The access controls and permissions for each repository (e.g., who can view, edit, or delete information)
With the knowledge repositories in place, organizations can now focus on breaking down their knowledge assets into smaller, more manageable components. This can include categorizing documents, tagging content with relevant metadata, and creating knowledge maps that outline the relationships between different pieces of information.
By breaking down knowledge assets into components, organizations can make it easier for employees to find and access the information they need, reducing the time spent searching for answers and increasing overall productivity.
To break down knowledge assets into components, organizations can use techniques such as:
Taxonomies: Create a hierarchical classification system for organizing documents and other knowledge assets based on their content, purpose, or other relevant criteria.
Metadata: Add descriptive information to knowledge assets, such as keywords, categories, or author names, to make them more easily discoverable.
Knowledge maps: Develop visual representations of the relationships between different pieces of information, helping employees understand how different knowledge assets are connected.
The final step in applying the C4 Model to knowledge management is to implement best practices at the code level. This can include adopting standardized naming conventions, creating templates for common document types, and implementing version control systems to track changes to knowledge assets.
By focusing on the details at the code level, organizations can ensure that their knowledge management processes are consistent, efficient, and easy to maintain.
Some best practices to consider when implementing knowledge management at the code level include:
Standardized naming conventions: Establish a consistent naming scheme for documents and other knowledge assets, making it easier for employees to locate and identify relevant information.
Templates: Create templates for common document types, such as meeting minutes, project plans, or technical specifications, to ensure consistency and streamline the creation process.
Version control: Implement version control systems, such as Git or Subversion, to track changes to knowledge assets and maintain a history of revisions.
The C4 Model, while originally designed for software architecture, can be a powerful tool for managing knowledge within an organization. By applying the principles of the C4 Model to knowledge management, organizations can create a clear, structured, and efficient approach to storing, sharing, and accessing information.
By defining the knowledge landscape, organizing repositories, breaking down assets, and implementing best practices, organizations can harness the power of the C4 Model to improve their knowledge management processes and ultimately drive better decision-making, innovation, and growth.
photo from c4model.com
]]>When it comes to personal development, education is one of the most valuable investments one can make. Attending a course may seem like a small undertaking, but it can have a profound impact on a person’s personal and professional growth. There are numerous benefits to participating in courses ranging from acquiring new skills to networking opportunities. Courses can help individuals to increase their knowledge, enhance their credibility, and boost their career prospects. In this fast-paced world, individuals who are willing to learn and adapt have a competitive edge, and attending a course is one of the best ways to do so. Here, I listed the courses i’ve attended so far.
👨🏫 Institute: Bozhan School
🔬 Type: In-Person & Online
⏱ Duration: ~5 months
🗣 Language: Persian
The Digital Product Management course offered by Bozhan School is a comprehensive program designed to provide participants with a broad range of skills and knowledge required to succeed as a product manager in the digital industry. The course is conducted by experienced professionals who have years of experience in digital product management, and covers topics such as product strategy, user research, product development, product marketing, and analytics. Through interactive learning activities such as case studies, group projects, and real-world simulations, participants will gain hands-on experience in managing digital products. Upon completion of the program, participants will be equipped with the essential tools and best practices needed to manage the product lifecycle from ideation to launch, as well as analyze and optimize digital products for long term success. Whether you have experience in digital product management or are looking to transition into the field, this course is an excellent opportunity to gain the knowledge and skills necessary to excel in your career.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: MaktabKhooneh
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~26h
🗣 Language: Persian
Product management is an interdisciplinary field and job that requires the acquisition of sufficient knowledge and skills. In addition, changes in the business environment and technology happen at a high speed and there are not enough educational resources available. What should be done in such a situation? How can you get acquainted with the modern and practical science of management and start working as a product manager?
In this section, we are going to introduce the product management training course and then explain the benefits of participating in the training courses for you, our regular companions and science lovers. If you are thinking of learning management skills and role-playing in the field of technology and production, marketing and business and product strategies, stay with us until the end of the content and follow the product management training course. In this article, as a supplement to the product management training course, we first give a general definition of product management. Then we will get acquainted with the basic concepts of this field of work and finally we will tell you what topics will be examined at the end of the product management training course and what concepts will be mastered by the participants in this class of training courses.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: OReilly
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~1h 20m
🗣 Language: English
Positioned at the intersection of business, design, and technology, product management has emerged as one of the most critical business roles of the 21st century. But what does a product manager actually do? What impact can a great product manager have on an organization? And how do you know what makes a product manager great in the first place? This video covers the fundamentals of product management—what it is, who does it, and how it varies from organization to organization. It offers a new model for understanding the communication, organization, research and execution (CORE) connective skills of product management and provides actionable guidelines for succeeding in product management in any organization of any size.
Understand the key responsibilities and CORE connective skills of product management
Discover the ways different organizations describe and structure the product management role
Explore the critical differences between product management “in theory” and “on-the-ground”
Master the principles that guide successful product management
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: LinkedIn
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~1h 16m
🗣 Language: English
Most people are afraid of speaking in public, but effective oral communication is a key skill in business. Jeff Ansell provides simple communication tools, strategies, and tips that are easy to use and produce immediate results. He’ll help you sound more confident, use body and language to better express ideas, and overcome anxiety. In the last chapter of the course, all these concepts are brought together in two real-world coaching exercises that will help you see the techniques in action.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: LinkedIn
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~1h 35m
🗣 Language: English
Teams that embrace an agile mindset are often better able to respond to customer feedback and shifting business needs—and have a bit more fun in the process. Interested in bringing the principles of agile to your team? This course can help. Join Doug Rose as he steps through the fundamental concepts you need to know to start thinking like an agile team. Doug goes over the values and principles covered in the agile manifesto, as well as how to enhance communication with user stories and cross-functional teams. Discover how to respond to change the agile way, explore popular agile frameworks, and learn about the common roles on an agile team. Along the way, Doug provides you with some exercises that can help boost your team’s agility and productivity.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: Pluralsight
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~58m
🗣 Language: English
Have you ever wondered how you can communicate more effectively with your team? In this course, Becoming a Great Product Owner, you’ll learn how you can better collaborate with your team so you can be sure that you and your team are working together as effectively as possible.
First, you’ll learn the basics of Product Ownership and how your role as a Product Owner fits into the context of a broader agile team. Next, you’ll discover why the Product Owner is often the best suited in the organization to identify untapped opportunities to create business value as well as the importance of communicating those opportunities effectively to the rest of the organization. Finally, you’ll learn techniques for encouraging better communication and collaboration with your team, so you can be sure that the best ideas are always brought to the table.
When you’re finished with this course, you’ll have the skills and knowledge of Product Ownership needed to help your team bring the best possible product to market.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: Pluralsight
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~1h 11m
🗣 Language: English
Thousands of companies were forced to work remotely due to global health conditions. Most of these companies were caught off-guard and were not equipped to make the new set-up work. In this course, Getting Started with Remote Product Management, you’ll learn how to adapt to this new way of working. First, you’ll take a look at your old routine and identify how to tweak it to suit your new work set-up. Next, you’ll see how you can make sure that collaboration and communication for product development is done effectively even when working remotely. Lastly, you’ll learn how to manage yourself - how to be disciplined and ensure your personal wellness when working from home. When you’re finished with this course, you will be able to effectively bridge the gap between business and tech through the new and altered processes and work dynamics of working remotely.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: Skillshare
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~17m
🗣 Language: English
A class on how to manage the Product Backlog in Scrum effectively. Basic knowledge of Scrum is helpful.
You will learn how to:
Discover user stories (high level and detailed)
Create an initial product backlog, based on a product vision
Prioritize and refine the product backlog
Plan the sprint
Deal with the backlog during and after the sprint
Not only will you learn the theoretical concepts of Product Backlog Management – the class explains all concepts by following a coherent example.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: LinkedIn
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~28m
🗣 Language: English
To some degree, we are all biased. Our experiences shape who we are, and our dimensions of diversity—race, ethnicity, gender, height, weight, sexual orientation, place of birth, and other factors—impact the lens through which we view the world. In this course, through compelling examples that explore the most common forms of unconscious bias and its implications, diversity expert Stacey Gordon teaches you to recognize and acknowledge your own biases when making decisions, engaging with colleagues, and working effectively in today’s organizations. Stacey reveals the most common forms of unconscious bias—affinity bias, halo bias, perception bias, confirmation bias, and group think—and teaches you the skills to effectively address them.
Learning objectives
Recognize when unconscious bias occurs and why it’s important to understand.
Explore how unconscious bias is relevant in the business worlds.
Identify three strategies to counteract potential unconscious bias.
Define confirmation bias.
Review the meaning of the Halo Effect.
Explore the effects groupthink can have in a professional setting.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: OReilly
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~4h
🗣 Language: English
Agile Foundations Complete Video Coursewill teach you what you need to know to fully understand the concepts of Agile and Scrum. Through screencasts and live training, you will explore the fundamentals of Agile techniques, how Scrum leverages Agile principles to improve project performance, the specifics of the Scrum framework, how to experience amazing benefits with Scrum today, and real-world situations, like transitioning and common pitfalls. Even though the concept of Scrum itself is easy to explain, the application is often difficult. Real-world success stories across various industries will help you see how scrum fits each unique situation.
This title includes:
More than 4 hours of complete video training
Video exercises so you can practice your knowledge
Quizzes to help you learn and retain concepts
Hands-on exercises to help you retain key knowledge
Topics include:
Basics of Scrum
Agile Manifesto and Principles
Strategic Direction with vision statements and product roadmaps
Scrum Roles, artifacts, and events
Estimating and Setting Appropriate Expectations
Scrum in Action
Inspect and Adapt
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: Lynda (LinkedIn Learning)
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~1h 1m
🗣 Language: English
Break into product management. Learn how to conceptualize your ideas with simple sketches, and refine them into interactive wireframes, mockups, and prototypes. Kick start the project management process. Learn how to conceptualize your ideas with simple sketches, and refine them into interactive wireframes, mockups, and prototypes. Instructor Evan Kimbrell explains how to build out ideas for a website and a mobile app using nothing more than a pen and paper. Then he turns to tools like POP and Balsamiq to communicate more complex features and interactions. Finally, he reverse-engineers one of the world’s most popular sites—YouTube—so you can see how effective sketches translate into first-class products.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: LinkedIn Learning
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~31m
🗣 Language: English
The one trait many successful leaders share is their natural curiosity and desire to learn. We are all innately curious—so why is it that some people seem to discover more answers and lead a more empowering life than others? Put simply, they tend to think critically and ask the right questions. In this course, learn how to leverage the power of questions to move your team, leadership, and career to the next level. Join Joshua Miller as he spells out the benefits of getting curious and shares how to empower yourself through questions. Discover social media’s role in asking questions, why certain types of questions can lead to dead ends, how to effectively answer questions that are directed at you, and more.
So much is missed by not raising your hand, your voice, or your platform. Upon completing this course, you’ll have a better understanding of how to use questions to seize opportunities and open doors.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: LinkedIn Learning
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~48m
🗣 Language: English
A roadmap is a simple but powerful tool for product development. A strong product roadmap supports your business objectives and product strategy. It can help you make decisions and answer critical questions. For example, how do you decide which projects to pursue, and which to defer until later? How can you know which projects will be important a few months from now, when the market is changing so quickly? And how do you get all the diverse groups in your organization aligned behind one particular plan?
This course shows how to build a product roadmap for your business—and gain critical stakeholder buy-in. See examples of what roadmaps might look like, and spend time learning the tools and techniques necessary to map the projects for your specific organization. Instructors Teg Grenager and Eldad Persky show you how to create strong, dynamic roadmaps that can help ensure that your team is working on the right projects at the right time.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: LinkedIn Learning
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~1h 5m
🗣 Language: English
Behind every successful product there is a clear strategic vision that takes both market and customer needs into account. Essentially, strategy is the set of choices a company makes in order to achieve its objectives. These choices include which products to develop, which market segments to focus on, how to differentiate, how to price, how to position, and more. Product leaders are the guardians of a company’s strategy. While many people and teams can contribute to developing a strategy, product leaders need to articulate it and ensure that it’s done in a way that is applicable for day-to-day decision-making. This course lays out how to develop an effective product strategy. Instructors Eldad Persky and Teg Grenager walk through a step-by-step process for creating a smart, thoughtful strategy, and explain how to build support for it. Plus, they go over how to maintain and implement your strategy.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: Udemy
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~33m
🗣 Language: English
Here I will orientate you to pass the Product Owner Certification assessment. It will consist of good references to drive your training for real knowledge on Scrum methodologies and Product Owner role. At the same time you will be provided with a large database of exams that is sufficiently broad and complex to encompass the diversity of questions you might be asked in the real exam. These practice tests contain more than 600 questions
You want to get certified as a Product Owner to boost your career, while reducing the cost from a 1300 USD course to this bundle, and have the orientation to acquire the proper knowledge about Product Owner role.
What is your challenge?
Who this course is for:
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: LinkedIn Learning
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~3h 32m
🗣 Language: English
Project management is a set of techniques that anyone can apply to achieve goals and make projects more successful. Project management can be used to guide small, simple projects as well as complex enterprise-wide initiatives. Bonnie Biafore has always been fascinated by how things work and how to make things work better. In this course, she explains the fundamentals of project management, from establishing project goals and objectives and building a project plan to managing resources and work, meeting deadlines, and closing the project. Along the way, she provides tips for communicating, holding meetings, keeping a project on track, and gaining customer acceptance. The course also provides an overview of the changes introduced in the Project Management Institute’s A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge Seventh Edition. This course provides exercises for most videos based on a healthcare/IT case study project.
Learning objectives
Identify the definition of project management.
Explore the similarities and differences between traditional and agile project management.
Explore the fundamentals of analyzing project stakeholders.
Examine the best ways to identify a project goal and objectives.
Examine strategies to gather requirements.
Identify the fundamentals of developing a project budget.
Distinguish the best ways to craft a quality plan.
Discover the best steps to take when determining the processes for procuring resources.
Explore the fundamentals of developing a project schedule.
Examine approaches for monitoring and controlling progress and performance.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: LinkedIn Learning
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~47m
🗣 Language: English
Product managers must know technology basics. They need to have the vocabulary to speak to engineers, UX designers, and executives-and translate messages between these very different stakeholders. A product manager should know how the internet works, how front end differs from back end, what the major programming languages are, and why web and mobile developers are so in demand. This course provides an overview of the basics, including terminology and trends that will affect your work and collaboration with your team.
Instructor Cole Mercer reviews the fundamental building blocks of modern software applications-from the web that connects all the working parts, to the data, users, and the build tools that developers use every day. He discusses the differences between desktop, web, and mobile development, and reviews the role of version control systems in deployment and release.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: Udemy
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~1h 52m
🗣 Language: English
What you’ll learn:
How to implement continuous product discovery activities at your workplace
Approaches for connecting discovery activities with your product roadmap
Get 16 MIRO discovery templates with guidance on how to adapt them to your workplace
Decode the popular “Double Diamond” framework
Understand which discovery methodology to use and when
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: LinkedIn Learning
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~10h 58m
🗣 Language: English
What does a product manager actually do? What kind of product manager roles are out there, and how do they differ from project management? In this course, get answers to those questions—and more—as you learn about the different tools and techniques needed to successfully coordinate all aspects of product development. Instructors Cole Mercer and Evan Kimbrell go over the major phases of the product lifecycle and discuss how approaches like agile, scrum, and kanban actually work in real-world situations. Plus, learn how to address real user needs, approach customer development, run MVP experiments, sketch out mobile apps, work with your stakeholders, and much more.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: OReilly
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~1h 25m
🗣 Language: English
Enterprise software product management is one of the most sought-after skills in technology today. This tutorial provides an insider’s tip sheet on how to do this work with clarity and confidence. Whether you’re coming into PM from another business function, another field of software (like the consumer web), or from outside of the technology industry entirely, this course shows you exactly what you need to know to build, scale, and manage software products for the enterprise. You’ll explore how PMs discover customer needs and pain points, gather market intelligence, and determine what needs to be built. You’ll pick up the keys to working with your development and executive teams, and see why great product managers are not an organization’s sheepdogs, but their truth-tellers. You’ll learn what success means for your product and how product managers should think about their future career plans.
Get an insider’s look at what enterprise software product managers are and what they do
Explore the important differences between an enterprise PM versus a consumer PM
Learn the critical, tactical skills every enterprise software PM must have to succeed
Understand how the rise of SaaS radically transformed the product management function
Discover the secrets of planning, building, and shipping winning enterprise products
Blair Reeves is a Product Principal at SAS Software who previously held senior product management roles at Demandware (now a Salesforce company) and IBM. A speaker, writer, and consultant on product management in enterprise software, Blair is a graduate of the University of Virginia and holds an MBA from Duke University.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: Udemy
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~12h 56m
🗣 Language: English
The most updated and complete Product Management course on Udemy! You’ll learn the skills that make up the entire Product Management job and process: from ideation to market research, to UX wireframing to prototyping, technology, metrics, and finally to building the product with user stories, project management, scoping, and leadership. We even have interviews with real life PMs, Q&A sessions with students, and a comprehensive guide to preparing and interviewing for a Product Management job.
The demand for Product Management is increasing at an insane rate. More and more companies are finally figuring out how important this discipline and this role is to their success. But how exactly do you get into the field? There aren’t any degrees in Product Management & there are no certifications. Most Product Managers get into the field through luck or connections. That ends here - we’ll get you up to date on ALL the skills you need to learn Product Management AND have the best chance at getting the job you want. There’s no more ambiguity to it. We’ll show you what you need to know and what you have to do - all taught from a Product Management insider. Students aren’t required to know anything beforehand - we’ll teach you the fundamentals, how to apply them, how to develop into an advanced product manager, and finally how to maximize your chances to get a job as a Product Manager.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: Udemy
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~9h 30m
🗣 Language: English
Do you want to become a Product Manager?
If so, you’ll have to navigate the notoriously difficult application and interview process. Take home case studies, brain teasers, and multiple rounds of interviews are typical if you want to get hired for any Product position. How you tackle these hiring challenges makes all the difference, and we’re here to guide you through the entire process step-by-step. A successful Product Management application doesn’t just consist of knowing the right answers and what questions to expect. To truly maximize your chances of landing the role, we took a holistic approach to the entire process: finding suitable roles, building your brand prior to applying, submitting applications, getting the interview, researching companies pre-interview, acing the interview, completing take-home work, and then deciding on the best offer.
What’s included in the course?
We’ll take you through the entire process for finding, applying to, and acing the interview for a Product Management position. We’ll cover:
How to think like and get inside the mindset of a Product Manager before you even start the process
How to find the right companies & positions to apply for
How to optimize your resume / C.V., and cover letter for getting Product Manager interviews
How to research and prepare for each Product Manager interview
How to complete case studies and take-home work, if needed
How to tackle the big 5 types of Product Manager interview question types: behavioral, product creation, estimation, analytical, & instructional
How to impress your interviewers by reverse interviewing them and ask good questions
How to follow-up post interview and spot any red flags that might change your mind about the role
How to hit the ground running when you do get a job offer and start your Product Manager role
Included as bonuses:
A full mock interview (Apple) with walkthrough instruction from beginning to end
2 interviews with students that recently were hired as a Product Manager where they share insider tips
A full interview with a Product team lead in charge of hiring for all Product Roles
A full walkthrough of Product Creation / Design question (1 hour long)
This course is perfect for those applying to their first Product Manager role, as well as anyone interested in transitioning internally to Product AND existing Product Managers who want to apply for a new Product role either internally or externally.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: Udemy
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~1h 15m
🗣 Language: English
Unleash the Power of User-Centered Design with Understanding User Requirements: The Key to Product Success. Say goodbye to missed opportunities and hello to successful product launches with our ultimate guide to user requirements. Discover the secret to capturing user requirements and turning them into tangible, real solutions.
This course is a step-by-step approach to refining your client’s needs and creating better user experiences. Gain a deeper understanding of functional and non-functional requirements, and learn several techniques for requirements gathering that will set your product apart from the rest. No more misunderstandings between clients, product owners, and developers.
Join us on this exciting journey and take your product management skills to the next level. Whether you’re a Product Owner, Scrum Master, Project Manager, or simply involved in the development of products or services, this course is for you.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: Udemy
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~1h 0m
🗣 Language: English
Do you want to build valuable products that your customers or end-users need? Do you want to define product objectives, vision, and roadmap? Are you interested to learn different Agile product planning tools & techniques? If yes, you have come to the right place.
This course will prepare you to create a customer-centric, strategic plan for your products. It will equip you with templates, tools, or techniques to create an Agile Product Vision, Objectives, and Roadmap. This course will also help you understand your customers better to develop your product with users in mind. Highly recommended for Product Managers, Product Owners, Product Leaders, Release Train Engineers, Scrum Masters, Engineers, System and Solution Architects, and other Agile and Lean practitioners. You will learn directly from an Agile Product Management expert and a published author.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: Udemy
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~1h 45m
🗣 Language: English
4 facts that inspired this course
99% of PM courses are too theoretical and will not get you results. This is my main issue.
Only truly exceptional PMs add value. All other PMs have a negative impact on a business.
Too much focus on buzzwords, frameworks and process but little focus on driving actual results.
Hard work seems to have gone out of fashion. I want to change this.
5 reasons you should embark on this journey with me
This course is like summarizing a 1000 page book in 10 pages.
This is a no-BS course. All irrelevant buzzwords and concepts have been cut out.
I have condensed all my best advise into a few intense hours of learning.
This course only optimize for one thing: Driving real-world and significant results.
If this will not give you results, nothing will.
This will not take long to complete, but you will start getting results.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: Product-Led Certified
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~2h 50m
🗣 Language: English
Regardless of a company’s industry, size, or the product they sell, software connects their business to the world—and the people building and managing that software play a key role in driving the business forward. In the past, product managers often measured success using a single criteria: Did the feature ship? Today, this no longer cuts it. Product managers must not only deliver on customers’ needs, but do so in ways that impact business outcomes like revenue and customer retention. How do they do this? With data over gut feel, continuous iteration, and a focus on business objectives from the onset. Building on those themes, this course will cover fundamentals of the product manager role and explain best practices through the lens of the Product Management Life Cycle.
Who should take this course?
This course is designed for anyone who wants to learn more about the product manager role and core product management use cases. Whether you’re looking to make a career shift, recently started in a product manager role, or have been working in product at a growing startup or traditional business, this course will help you get to the next level—or get started—as a product manager.
This course covers:
An overview of the product manager role and who they partner with
Common challenges in product management—and how to overcome them
A deep dive into each phase of the Product Management Life Cycle: Discover, Validate, Build, * Launch, Evaluate, and Iterate
Best practices and strategies that can be applied at each phase of the life cycle
How to build products that deliver customer and business value
What to expect:
Curriculum developed by product managers, for product managers
Engaging, instructor-led videos that you can view at your own pace
Real-world examples from companies across industries
Exercises to help you apply what you’ve learned throughout the course
Optional exam to check your knowledge and earn a certification badge
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: Product School
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~2h
🗣 Language: English
The difference between a good and a great product lies in your Product Strategy, answering vital questions like: Who’s the product for? What benefits does it offer? How does it further company objectives?
Enroll in our Product Strategy Micro-Certification to learn how to construct and implement a successful strategy. You’ll explore how to effectively communicate your plan and gain a proven formula to devise a top-tier Product Strategy. This course offers a comprehensive learning experience featuring videos, interactive readings, exercises, and a case study, all designed to bolster your skills. Empower yourself to avoid failed launches and enhance your Product Management career.
This micro-certification is divided into 3 modules:
Building a Product Strategy
Communicating a Product Strategy
Crafting an advanced Product Strategy
Throughout the micro-certification you will have access to videos, interactive content, reading material, resources, and quizzes to help you absorb and retain the learnings better.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: Product School
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~2h
🗣 Language: English
Product-Led Growth (PLG) has changed the game for Product Managers and the companies that hire them. The Product role is increasingly tied to growth metrics, meaning that PMs now have the opportunity to weigh-in on strategic decisions that could impact your entire organization.
Product School has partnered with Gainsight PX to create a crash course on how to deploy PLG strategies to drive durable growth and make more effective, data-driven decisions. Throughout the course, you will learn how to apply PLG principles through a case study that will put you in the driver’s seat as Growth Product Manager at a video conferencing product. Upon completion, you’ll have both a practical and theoretical understanding of PLG, and will receive the Product-Led Growth Micro-Certification.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: Product School
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~1h 30m
🗣 Language: English
Every decision Product Managers make begins and ends with data. Without data, you’re just grasping in the dark. With data, you can ensure you’re using your resources to build things people actually want.
To harness the power of data, you need more than just raw information. You need to understand how to analyze the data you have to extract meaningful insights. That’s why Product School has partnered with Mixpanel — the industry-leading self-serve product analytics tool — to teach you how to do data analytics right.
At the end of the course, you’ll understand how to use and apply data to make better decisions at every stage of the product lifecycle. Plus, upon completion, you’ll receive the Product Analytics Micro-Certification!
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: Product-Led Certified
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~3h
🗣 Language: English
What do the most successful companies like Zoom, Tesla, and Walmart have in common? They’re all product-led organizations with product-led employees, and they represent the future of business. The business world has been ablaze with talk of “product-led growth” over the last few years, and the most successful product managers put the product at the center of their companies to influence organizational priorities and build better customer experiences. This course takes an interactive look at the fundamentals of being a product-led product manager at your organization, including and beyond product-led growth, and prepares you to apply product-led strategies to your business.
Who should take this course?
This course is designed for product managers and business leaders who want to deepen their understanding of product-led methodologies and start applying product-led strategies to elevate their careers and their organizations. Whether you’re transitioning from a sales-led model or launching a new product, this course can help you understand the value of and best practices for becoming a product-led product manager.
This course covers:
Leveraging your product to solve key challenges across every part of the business
Breaking down data silos and using product insights to inform strategies up to the executive level
Driving growth by putting your product at the center of the customer experience
Employing product-led growth tactics to empower sales teams
What to expect:
Product-led tactics you can start implementing at your own organization
Best practices for improving launches, feature adoption, user onboarding, and more
Real-world examples from product-led companies
Exercises to help you solidify learnings and plan your own product-led strategy
Insights from industry leaders and product-led experts
Engaging, instructor-led videos that you can view at your own pace
Optional Pendo self-guided tours to see product-led tactics in action
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: Udemy
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~4h
🗣 Language: English
During this course, I will give you an in-depth understanding of the Scrum framework, and teach my 15 years of industry experience; I will talk about the job opportunities in the market and how to prepare for the Product Owner Interview.
Topics covered during this course :
Scrum in detail using Scrum Guide 2020
Scrum Values and Pillars
Roles
Scrum Events
Artifacts
Pro tips for the exam
Business stories/industry experience
Scrum Case study
Job opportunities
How to prepare for the Product Owner interview
How to start a Scrum career with ZERO Experience
Preparation before, during, and after the PSPO-1 exam
Simulation tests/Quizzes.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: Udacity
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~3h
🗣 Language: English
Ace your Product Manager interviews and prove your qualifications by understanding how to answer key strategic, technical and practical product questions. Watch experienced Product Managers go through mock strategy and technical interviews, as well as share insights about the PM interview process.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: Product School
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~2h
🗣 Language: English
Effective Roadmapping not only acts as the North Star for your product teams but also allows you as a Product Manager to communicate the product vision and strategy to your stakeholders and customers. Building and maintaining effective Roadmaps allows you as a product manager to keep everyone aligned on the product’s direction, timeline and goals.
Product School has partnered with Productboard to create a micro-certification on how to build and maintain effective Roadmaps. Throughout the certification, you will learn the importance of Roadmaps as well as how to build Roadmaps considering different audiences in mind through a case study that will put you in the driver’s seat as a Product Manager at a messaging product. Upon completion, you’ll have both a practical and theoretical understanding of Product Roadmapping, and will receive the Product Roadmapping Micro-Certification.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: The Management and Strategy Institute (MSI)
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~2h
🗣 Language: English
The Project Management Essentials Certification, designed exclusively for the Management and Strategy Institute, will provide you with a basic understanding of Project Management principles. This Free Project Management Certification course includes the study material and the online certification exam. This innovative certification is designed for individuals with no prior knowledge or experience in Project Management.
A “project” is a temporary endeavor designed to produce a unique product, service or result. Project managers have the responsibility of planning and proper execution of a project. Using the included study material, you’ll learn why some projects fail while others are successful. You’ll learn the stages of Project Management – Initiating, Planning, Executing, Monitoring, and Closing.
Having our Free Project Management Certification on your resumé can show potential employers you have a general understanding of the importance of Project Management and the steps necessary to ensure a project is successful. This certification has no project requirement. It is available to anyone who has the time and ambition to learn project management principles. All study material is completed 100% online and can be done from home or work.
This certification is perfect for individuals who are looking to learn more about Project Management. This certification program consists of a 20-minute training program and a 15-question certification exam. Upon completion of the exam, you will have immediate access to a digital certificate showing your certification status. Because we are offering this course for free, it does not include a physical certificate or transcripts unless you order the upgrade.
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
👨🏫 Institute: Product-Led Certified
🔬 Type: Online
⏱ Duration: ~2h
🗣 Language: English
AI technology has existed for years, but its influence has increased exponentially with the rise and accessibility of generative AI tools. And while AI is set to impact nearly every area of a company, it has an especially powerful application for product teams. Product managers (PMs) have evolved from a role focused on shipping features to a strategic, cross-functional role that impacts the future of the business. As modern PMs are focused on driving business outcomes, AI can help them achieve those outcomes faster and more effectively. This course explores AI’s place in product management—including how to leverage AI throughout the development life cycle, best practices for building AI-powered features, and why product managers should view AI as a strategic tool, not a threat.
This course is designed for anyone who wants to learn how product managers and organizations can utilize AI in their product development practices and to build AI-powered features. Whether you’ve never used AI tools before or are already leveraging AI in your day-to-day, this course aims to educate product professionals on the opportunities AI brings and share actionable use cases and tactics.
Core AI use cases for businesses with software or digital experiences Best practices for building AI-powered features and functionality How AI can transform and elevate the product-led organization Applying AI tools and use cases to accelerate product value and business growth
🌐 Click HERE to see more information about the course.
]]>🤓 This list will be updated over time …
In today’s highly competitive and ever-evolving job market, it is becoming increasingly important to possess a unique set of skills and expertise that set you apart from your peers. This is where the concept of being a ‘T-shaped’ person comes in. Being a T-shaped person means having a broad range of knowledge, skills, and experience in various fields, with deep expertise in one particular field.
So who exactly is a T-shaped person? A T-shaped person is someone who possesses both breadth and depth of skills and knowledge. The vertical line of the T represents the depth of skills and knowledge in a particular field, while the horizontal line of the T represents the breadth of skills and knowledge across multiple fields. T-shaped individuals are sought after by employers because they bring a unique perspective, creativity, and problem-solving skills to the table.
Here are some additional details to help you better understand the concept of T-shaped individuals:
Deep expertise: The vertical line of the T-shaped person represents the depth of knowledge and expertise in a specific field. This means having a mastery of the skills and knowledge required to excel in that particular domain.
Breadth of knowledge: The horizontal line of the T-shaped person represents the breadth of knowledge and skills across multiple fields. This means having a general understanding of different fields and the ability to leverage that knowledge to bring new perspectives and insights.
Collaborative mindset: T-shaped individuals are not only knowledgeable but also possess a collaborative mindset. They are able to work well with others, share their expertise, and are open to learning from others. This makes them effective team players and leaders.
Constant learning: T-shaped individuals are lifelong learners. They are always seeking out opportunities to learn new skills and gain new knowledge. They understand that to be successful in today’s rapidly evolving world, they need to constantly adapt and grow.
Strategic thinking: T-shaped individuals think strategically. They are able to see the big picture and understand how their expertise fits into the larger context. This allows them to make informed decisions and be proactive in their approach.
Versatility: T-shaped individuals are versatile. They are able to adapt to different situations and roles, and are not limited by their expertise. This makes them valuable assets to organizations looking for employees who can wear multiple hats.
Here are a few reasons why every individual should strive to be T-shaped:
Adaptability: T-shaped individuals are adaptable and can work in a variety of roles and industries with ease. They possess a broad range of knowledge and can quickly adapt to new challenges and situations.
Innovation: T-shaped individuals possess a deep understanding of their area of expertise, which allows them to innovate and come up with creative solutions to problems.
Collaboration: T-shaped individuals are great collaborators. They can work well with individuals from different backgrounds and are open to learning from others.
Career Growth: T-shaped individuals have a competitive advantage in the job market. They are highly sought after by employers because of their unique skill set and expertise.
Personal Growth: Pursuing a T-shaped career provides a sense of personal growth and accomplishment. It allows individuals to challenge themselves, learn new skills, and gain a deeper understanding of various fields.
In conclusion, pursuing a T-shaped career path provides a sense of personal growth and accomplishment, and allows individuals to challenge themselves, learn new skills, and gain a deeper understanding of various fields. Embrace the T-shaped philosophy, unlock your potential for personal and career growth and become a valuable asset in your industry.
photo from Akson
]]>As human beings, we like to think of ourselves as unbiased individuals making objective decisions based on facts and evidence. However, our brains are complex organs that are subject to a variety of influences, including unconscious biases. These biases are automatic patterns of thought that are formed over time and can have a significant impact on our perception of others and the world around us.
One common form of unconscious bias is confirmation bias. This is when we look for, interpret or remember information in a way that confirms what we already believe, and ignore or dismiss information that contradicts our beliefs. For example, if we believe that a certain political party is bad, we might only seek out news stories that reflect badly on that party, while disregarding positive stories.
Another form of bias is stereotyping. This is when we judge someone based on our perception of their group, rather than on their individual attributes, behavior and personality. For example, we might assume that all lawyers are arrogant, or that all mothers are nurturing.
The halo effect is a third form of unconscious bias that can impact our decision-making. This is when we form a positive impression of someone based on one outstanding trait or quality, and then judge them favorably in all other areas. For instance, if we meet someone who is very attractive, we might imagine that they are also smart, kind and funny, even though we have no evidence to support those conclusions.
Anchoring bias occurs when we rely too heavily on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions, even if it’s not necessarily the most relevant or important. For example, if we see a car advertised at a high price, we may assume that it is a luxury model, even if it is actually a basic model with a high mark-up.
The availability heuristic is another type of bias that can impact our thinking. This is when we overestimate the likelihood of events that are easier to recall or imagine, such as rare but highly publicized occurrences. For instance, if we hear a lot about shark attacks in the news, we might be more afraid of swimming in the ocean, even though the probability of being attacked by a shark is very low.
Implicit bias is a final form of unconscious bias that is particularly insidious because it operates at a deep level that is often outside our conscious awareness. These are unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions and decisions in an automatic way, without our intentional awareness. For example, we might have implicit biases around race, gender, age or sexual orientation that affect our interactions and evaluations of others, without us even being aware of it.
Overcoming unconscious biases is not an easy task as it requires a conscious effort to change our automatic thought patterns that have formed over time. However, there are some strategies that can help us to become more aware of our biases and work to reduce their impact on our decision-making process:
Educate yourself: Learn about different cultures, religions, lifestyles, and perspectives. Read books, watch documentaries or listen to podcasts to gain a better understanding of the world around you. This will help you to expand your knowledge and understanding and reduce the influence of stereotypes.
Practice mindfulness: Mindfulness is the practice of being fully present and aware in the current moment. By practicing mindfulness, we can become more aware of our thoughts and emotions while detaching ourselves from them, allowing us to overcome our unconscious biases.
Develop empathy: Empathy is the ability to put ourselves in someone else’s shoes and see things from their perspective. By developing empathy, we can better understand the experiences of others, and avoid relying on stereotypes or assumptions.
Challenge your biases: Whenever we catch ourselves making snap judgments or assumptions, it’s important to pause and ask ourselves if these judgments are based on evidence or if they are influenced by our biases. By challenging our biases, we can become more objective and make more thoughtful decisions.
Seek out diverse perspectives: By seeking out information from diverse sources, we can broaden our understanding of different perspectives and reduce the influence of stereotypes. This might include attending events, having discussions with individuals from different backgrounds or reading articles and books from different perspectives.
Make supporting data available: In our personal and professional lives, it’s important to make supporting data available and transparent to decision-makers. This will reduce the importance of unconscious beliefs, and let everyone evaluate problems from the viewpoint of facts.
Understanding and recognizing unconscious biases is an important step towards minimizing their impact on our decision-making. We can work to challenge our assumptions, seek out diverse perspectives and actively counteract our biases by intentionally considering alternative viewpoints. By being aware of our own biases and actively working to mitigate them, we can become more objective and fair-minded individuals, better equipped to make sound decisions in all areas of our life.
In conclusion, unconscious biases are automatic patterns of thought that exist at a deeper level of our psyche outside of our control. These biases often lead to inaccurate assessments and decisions that can have harmful outcomes. To prevent this, we need to become more aware of our unconscious biases and work to challenge them when we encounter them which will help us become more objective and fair-minded individuals.
photo from Anthony Tori
]]>As a Product Manager (or a Product Owner), communication is a key aspect of your role. You are responsible for ensuring that everyone involved in product development is on the same page, both internally and externally. In this blog post, i’ll explore who a Product Manager communicates with and why each communication is essential.
Communication plays a crucial role in ensuring that everyone is aligned with the product development process. Communication weeds out confusion, delays and ensures that everyone has a clear understanding of the product vision, goals and objectives. Moreover, regular communication with customers, industry experts, and other external stakeholders can help identify potential issues, trend shifts or competitive landscape changes that can drive product improvement and innovation.
Internal stakeholders are those who work within your organization. Here are a few of the stakeholders that you may communicate with:
Development Team: You will need to work closely with your development teams to ensure that everyone is aligned in the development of the product. Regular communication is necessary to keep the team updated on product requirements and goals.
Marketing Team: You need to work with the marketing team to ensure that they understand the product, its features, and its benefits to the target audience. You need to share the product roadmap, key features, target audience and market positioning to ensure they understand the product direction and target users.
Sales Team: You need to work closely with the sales team to understand customer’s feedback, opportunities and complaints. It is important to communicate regularly with your sales team to ensure they have the product knowledge needed to sell it to potential customers, which ultimately drives product adoption and revenue.
Executives: You need to communicate regularly with executives and provide progress updates on the product development process. This helps ensure that the product is aligned with the company’s goals, and it can also help secure the necessary resources and budget for product development.
External stakeholders are those who work outside your organization. Here are a few of the stakeholders that you may communicate with:
Partners: Product managers often work with partners, distributors or resellers who sell the products. It is crucial to communicate and train these external partners on the product features, selling points and differentiation points, so they can sell more products with better efficiency. Regular communication and feedback channeling is necessary to address queries or issues they face.
Customers: Communication with customers is fundamental to making sure that they are happy with the product and are willing to continue using it. Product managers have to continuously collect and analyze feedback from customers on the product’s performance, features, and satisfaction. It’s also essential to communicate updates on new features, enhancements or changes to ensure that the product remains valuable to them.
Industry Experts: Industry experts can provide important feedback on the current state of the market, emerging trends and what could be the next disruptor. Product managers can leverage this information to shape the product roadmap and ensure that it remains competitive in the market.
Investors: Investors want to know how their money is being spent, and they need to be assured that the product development process is in good hands. Regular communication and updates keep the investors informed on the product’s progress, customer feedback, sales growth, and any issues that may impact the development or market performance of the product.
In conclusion, communication is an essential aspect of Product Management. A Product Manager has to ensure that communication channels are open to internal and external stakeholders to keep everyone informed, aligned, and focused on the development and success of the product. Effective communication practices can help improve the overall quality of the product and the processes required to bring them to market.
photo by Jason Goodman
]]>Are you interested in learning more about a particular industry, company, or job role? Do you want to gain valuable insights from professionals who have experience in the field? If so, an informational interview may be just what you need!
An informational interview is a type of meeting where you can ask questions and gain information from someone who has experience in a particular industry or job role. Unlike a job interview, the purpose of an informational interview is not to get hired but to gain insights and information about the industry and job role. This can be a valuable tool for job seekers who want to learn more about potential career paths, network with professionals, and gain insights into the job market.
In this article, I will discuss what an informational interview is and its benefits, how to identify potential interviewees and reach out to them, how to prepare for the interview, and what questions to ask.
An informational interview is a meeting between two people where one person, usually someone who is job seeking, gathers information about a particular career, job, or company from someone who has experience in that field. It is an opportunity for the job seeker to learn more about a potential career path, to gain insight into the industry, and to make connections with professionals in the field.
There are many benefits to conducting informational interviews. Here are a few:
To Explore a New Career Path: Informational interviews can help someone explore a new career path before committing to a specific job or industry. By talking with professionals in the field, they can gain a better understanding of what the job entails, the skills required, and the challenges they may face.
Gain Valuable Insights: Informational interviews provide an opportunity to gain valuable insights into a particular industry, company, or role. You can learn about the day-to-day responsibilities, required skills and qualifications, and potential career paths.
Expand Your Network: Informational interviews are a great way to expand your professional network. You can connect with people in the industry who may be able to provide referrals or job leads in the future.
Develop Relationships: By conducting informational interviews, you can develop relationships with professionals in the industry. This can be helpful in the future when seeking advice or guidance.
Build Confidence: Informational interviews can help build confidence in your career choices and goals. You can learn from professionals who have been successful in the industry and gain reassurance that you are on the right path.
Improve Communication Skills: Informational interviews provide an opportunity to practice communication and networking skills. By asking thoughtful questions and listening attentively, you can improve your communication skills and build confidence in social situations.
Identify Potential Job Opportunities: Informational interviews can sometimes lead to job opportunities. Even if you are not seeking a job at the time, developing relationships with professionals in the industry can increase your chances of hearing about job openings in the future.
To Receive Personalized Advice: Informational interviews allow job seekers to receive personalized advice about their job search. They can ask questions about their resume, cover letter, and interview skills, and receive feedback from someone with experience in the field.
Before conducting an informational interview, it is essential to prepare. Here are some tips to help you prepare:
Research the Company: Before the interview, research the company and the industry. This will help you ask informed questions and demonstrate your interest in the field.
Prepare a List of Questions: Prepare a list of questions to ask during the interview. These can include questions about the person’s career path, job responsibilities, and advice for someone starting out in the industry.
Dress Professionally: Even though it is not a job interview, it is still essential to dress professionally. This will help you make a good impression and show that you take the interview seriously.
Bring a Resume: Bring a copy of your resume with you to the interview. This can help you receive feedback and demonstrate your qualifications for the job.
Follow Up: After the interview, send a thank-you note to the interviewee. This is a great way to build your professional network and leave a positive impression.
Here are some steps to help you conduct a successful informational interview:
Identify Potential Interviewees: When identifying potential interviewees, it’s essential to start with the industry you are interested in. Here are some ways to identify potential interviewees:
LinkedIn: LinkedIn is a great resource for finding professionals in a particular industry. You can search for people by industry, job title, and location.
Industry Associations: Many industries have associations or organizations that represent professionals in the field. These associations often have directories of their members that can be a useful resource for identifying potential interviewees.
Personal Contacts: Ask your personal contacts if they know anyone in the industry you are interested in. They may be able to introduce you to someone or provide a referral.
Reach Out: Contact the person and request an informational interview. Explain your interest in the industry and the questions you would like to ask. Make sure to be respectful of their time and availability. Here are some tips for reaching out:
Be Professional: When reaching out, be professional and respectful of their time. Introduce yourself and explain your interest in the industry and why you would like to speak with them.
Explain the Purpose: Explain that you are seeking an informational interview to learn more about the industry and the person’s experience. Be clear that you are not seeking a job but rather information and advice.
Be Flexible: Be flexible when scheduling the interview. Offer to meet at their convenience, either in person or over the phone.
Follow Up: If you do not hear back from the interviewee, follow up with a polite email or phone call. Be persistent but not pushy.
Thank Them: After the interview, send a thank-you note to the interviewee. This is a great way to build your professional network and leave a positive impression.
Prepare Questions: Prepare a list of questions to ask during the interview. These can include questions about the person’s career path, job responsibilities, and advice for someone starting out in the industry.
Conduct the Interview: During the interview, be respectful of the person’s time and keep the conversation focused. Take notes and be engaged in the conversation.
Follow Up: After the interview, send a thank-you note to the interviewee. This is a great way to build your professional network and leave a positive impression.
Here is an email template for reaching out to a potential interviewee:
Dear [Interviewee's Name],
My name is [Your Name], and I am a recent graduate [or your current position] interested in pursuing a career in [industry/field]. I came across your profile on LinkedIn [or how you found them] and was impressed with your experience and background.
I am reaching out to request an informational interview to learn more about your career path and the industry. I am not seeking a job, but rather advice and information about the industry and your experience.
If you are available, I would love to set up a brief meeting either in person or over the phone at your convenience. I am flexible with scheduling and can work around your schedule. Please let me know if this would be possible.
Thank you for your time, and I look forward to hearing back from you soon.
Best regards,
[Your Name]
Identifying potential interviewees and reaching out to them can be a challenge, but it’s an essential part of conducting an informational interview. By using resources like LinkedIn, industry associations, and personal contacts, job seekers can identify professionals in the industry they are interested in. By being professional, explaining the purpose of the interview, being flexible, and following up, job seekers can increase their chances of securing an informational interview and gaining valuable insights into their chosen career path.
photo by Christina
]]>Agile teams often rely on estimations to plan their work and deliverables. However, making accurate estimations can be challenging, especially in complex projects with multiple variables. Poor estimations can lead to missed deadlines, delayed projects, and unhappy stakeholders. In this article, i’ll explore some strategies that Agile teams can use to make better estimations.
Story points are a unit of measure that represents the amount of work required to complete a task or user story. Story points are not based on the actual time required to complete a task but rather on the relative complexity of the work. This approach allows Agile teams to account for factors that affect the time required to complete a task, such as technical complexity, risk, and dependencies.
When estimating using story points, the team assigns a point value to each task based on its complexity. The Fibonacci sequence is often used to assign point values to tasks, with higher values indicating higher complexity. For example, a simple task may be assigned 1 point, while a more complex task may be assigned 5 points. This approach helps to create a common understanding of the work that needs to be done and allows the team to plan their work more accurately.
Estimation is a team effort, and involving the entire team can help to ensure that everyone has a shared understanding of the work that needs to be done. During estimation sessions, team members can share their perspectives, ask questions, and raise concerns. This approach helps to identify potential issues early on and encourages a culture of collaboration and transparency.
To involve the entire team in the estimation process, Agile teams can use techniques such as Planning Poker or Team Estimation Game. These techniques involve the team in estimating the complexity of each task or user story, allowing for a more accurate and reliable estimation process.
Breaking down tasks into smaller, manageable chunks helps to make the estimation process more accurate and manageable. It also allows the team to prioritize work based on business value and identify dependencies between tasks.
Agile teams can use techniques such as User Story Mapping or Story Splitting to break down tasks into smaller, manageable chunks. User Story Mapping involves creating a visual map of the user journey and breaking down each step into smaller tasks. Story Splitting involves breaking down large user stories into smaller, more manageable stories that can be completed in a shorter amount of time.
Estimates are not set in stone and should be reviewed and adjusted regularly based on new information, changes in requirements, and team velocity. Agile teams should hold regular review meetings, such as sprint retrospectives, to evaluate the accuracy of their estimates and identify areas for improvement.
During review meetings, the team should review their estimates and compare them to actuals. This approach helps to identify areas where the team’s estimation process may be inaccurate or where the team may be overestimating or underestimating the complexity of certain tasks. Adjustments should be made based on data and should be communicated clearly to stakeholders.
Historical data can provide valuable insights into the team’s performance and help to improve the accuracy of future estimates. Agile teams should track metrics such as team velocity, cycle time, and lead time to understand how long it takes to complete tasks and user stories. This data can be used to inform future estimates and identify areas for improvement.
By using historical data, Agile teams can identify trends and patterns in their performance, such as areas where they may be struggling or where they are excelling. This approach helps to create a more data-driven estimation process and enables the team to make more accurate and reliable estimates.
In conclusion, making better estimations in Agile teams requires a combination of techniques, collaboration, and data-driven decision-making. By using story points, involving the entire team, breaking down tasks, reviewing and adjusting estimates regularly, and using historical data, Agile teams can make more accurate and reliable estimations, leading to better project outcomes
photo by anniespratt
]]>The 2011 Scrum Guide’s description of Product Backlogs replaces the word “prioritize” with “order.” The reason for this was that “priority” was too often equated with business value and categorizations such as High, Medium, Low, or MoSCoW9 (Must, Should, Could, Won’t). While business priority is important, it is not the only variable that affects the order in which you pull things off the Product Backlog.
To properly order your Product Backlog, you need to consider many aspects:
The value created from implementing the feature: revenue, cost saving, customer retention, prospect customers, and future opportunity. Features that map closest to the product vision likely rank highest here. Example: A “make payment” feature that generates direct revenue.
The importance of a Product Backlog item in terms of exposure to a harmful situation. This includes both business and technical risk. The higher the risk, the higher it should be in the Product Backlog. Business risk example: A feature that must be implemented before a regulatory deadline Technical risk example: Implementing new technology on which a feature depends without knowing whether the technology solution will even work.
The cost of implementing a feature. This is mostly (but not exclusively) associated with the effort and time that the Development Team needs to build it.
Regardless of value, risk, and cost/size, sometimes a feature cannot be done before another. These can be both business and organizational dependencies.Business example: An authentication feature that must be completed before anyone can use the more valuable features Organizational example: A feature that depends on another downstream team creating a service for your team to use
By finding a way to enumerate each of these variables, you can create an order ranking system in which the higher the number, the higher the item will be in the Product Backlog. Then make adjustments based on identified dependencies. By focusing on smaller valuable features, you risk that the large yet valuable items get ignored. As these are likely the more strategic initiatives, identifying them and breaking them into smaller (right-sized) deliverables becomes an important part of refining the Product Backlog. Items that are low value, low risk, yet cost very little should not necessarily be ignored either. Consider these as “fun-sized” and work on them if there is extra capacity or they can be taken by newer Development Team members who are still getting comfortable working with the product. Some organizations even open-source these items to other groups within the organization or even to the public. Obviously, the risky items that have little value should be ignored.
This formulaic approach to ordering could be a good start. Just do not consider it a magic formula to which you are bound. Ordering the Product Backlog is more of a nondeterministic problem. You shouldn’t strive for the best answer as it likely does not exist. Aim for a good answer and trust the empirical process of inspecting and adapting. A good Product Owner, with help from the Development Team, can use intuition and experience to order the Product Backlog just as effectively.
With this in mind, spending a lot of time ordering the bottom half of the Product Backlog can be considered somewhat wasteful. Focus instead on the order for the next few Sprints. Since you are refining as you go, the rest will work itself out.
Ordering the Product Backlog will open up many important conversations within your Scrum Team (and with stakeholders) that will clarify assumptions, misconceptions, and dependencies and thereby reduce accidental complexity. This process itself generates lots of value.
If you can determine the monetary value amount of the Product Backlog item (e.g., this feature will make $300,000), then that would be ideal. However, it is rarely that easy.
Other approaches use somewhat arbitrary numbers to indicate value, much like with relative effort sizing. The number range does not matter as much as getting stakeholders engaged and using the wisdom of the crowd. There are plenty of facilitation techniques for this, such as:
Business Value Game
Buy-a-Feature
20/20 Vision
Thirty-Five
Using these democratic and inclusive processes with stakeholders for assigning business value to Product Backlog items has two main benefits for Product Owners:
They get a better overall sense of what their stakeholders are thinking.
Their stakeholders feel more included and heard.
Remember that business value is not the only factor when ordering a Product Backlog. Risk, cost, and technical dependency also play their parts.
The easiest way to measure risk is with a simple Low, Medium, High ranking provided by the Scrum Team. To use this system in the formula cited above, assign a number to each risk rating (e.g., L51, M55, H510). Ultimately, the scale you use to represent risk depends on other factors: How important is risk for your product? What scale are you using for value? Risk may not even need to be considered for certain products, while others may want to give risk more weight and more ranges.
The most common scale to use when assigning relative size estimates to Product Backlog items is the Fibonacci sequence (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, etc.). The next chapter on release management will get more into the reasons for relative estimation. For the purposes of ordering a Product Backlog, just know that the size of an item is a factor. However, what you name the unit that represents its size is not that important (often it is called a point or story point).
Refinement is a great opportunity to revisit this ordering each Sprint.
📚 Excerpt From Professional Product Owner, The: Leveraging Scrum as a Competitive Advantage
photo by airfocus
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